Resources: Clinical Algorithms: Driving Equity through New Models in Research and Implementation

Clinical Algorithms: Driving Equity through New Models in Research and Implementation

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American Academy of Pediatrics Board of Directors and Executive Committee. AAP Perspective: Race-Based Medicine. Pediatrics. 2021 Oct;148(4):e2021053829. doi: 10.1542/peds.2021-053829. Epub 2021 Aug 5. PMID: 34353893.

American Academy of Pediatrics Board of Directors. Truth, Reconciliation, and Transformation: Continuing on the Path to Equity. Pediatrics. 2020 Sep;146(3):e2020019794. doi: 10.1542/peds.2020-019794. Epub 2020 Jul 29. PMID: 32727826.

Barabino GA, Fiske ST, Scherer LA, Vargas EA; Committee on Advancing Antiracism, Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in STEM Organizations; Board on Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sensory Sciences; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Advancing Antiracism, Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in STEMM Organizations: Beyond Broadening Participation. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2023 Feb 14. PMID: 36787395.

Basourakos SP, Gulati R, Vince RA Jr, Spratt DE, Lewicki PJ, Hill A, Nyame YA, Cullen J, Markt SC, Barbieri CE, Hu JC, Trapl E, Shoag JE. Harm-to-Benefit of Three Decades of Prostate Cancer Screening in Black Men. NEJM Evid. 2022 Jun;1(6):10.1056/evidoa2200031. doi: 10.1056/evidoa2200031. Epub 2022 May 15. PMID: 35721307; PMCID: PMC9202998.

Basu A. Use of race in clinical algorithms. Sci Adv. 2023 May 26;9(21):eadd2704. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.add2704. Epub 2023 May 26. PMID: 37235647; PMCID: PMC10219586.

Bhakta NR, Bime C, Kaminsky DA, McCormack MC, Thakur N, Stanojevic S, Baugh AD, Braun L, Lovinsky-Desir S, Adamson R, Witonsky J, Wise RA, Levy SD, Brown R, Forno E, Cohen RT, Johnson M, Balmes J, Mageto Y, Lee CT, Masekela R, Weiner DJ, Irvin CG, Swenson ER, Rosenfeld M, Schwartzstein RM, Agrawal A, Neptune E, Wisnivesky JP, Ortega VE, Burney P. Race and Ethnicity in Pulmonary Function Test Interpretation: An Official American Thoracic Society Statement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2023 Apr 15;207(8):978-995. doi: 10.1164/rccm.202302-0310ST. PMID: 36973004; PMCID: PMC10112445.

Bryant AK, Lee KM, Alba PR, Murphy JD, Martinez ME, Natarajan L, Green MD, Dess RT, Anglin-Foote TR, Robison B, DuVall SL, Lynch JA, Rose BS. Association of Prostate-Specific Antigen Screening Rates With Subsequent Metastatic Prostate Cancer Incidence at US Veterans Health Administration Facilities. JAMA Oncol. 2022 Dec 1;8(12):1747-1755. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2022.4319. PMID: 36279204; PMCID: PMC9593319.

Cronin KA, Scott S, Firth AU, Sung H, Henley SJ, Sherman RL, Siegel RL, Anderson RN, Kohler BA, Benard VB, Negoita S, Wiggins C, Cance WG, Jemal A. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, part 1: National cancer statistics. Cancer. 2022 Dec 15;128(24):4251-4284. doi: 10.1002/cncr.34479. Epub 2022 Oct 27. PMID: 36301149; PMCID: PMC10092838.

Delgado C, Baweja M, Burrows NR, Crews DC, Eneanya ND, Gadegbeku CA, Inker LA, Mendu ML, Miller WG, Moxey-Mims MM, Roberts GV, St Peter WL, Warfield C, Powe NR. Reassessing the Inclusion of Race in Diagnosing Kidney Diseases: An Interim Report From the NKF-ASN Task Force. Am J Kidney Dis. 2021 Jul;78(1):103-115. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2021.03.008. Epub 2021 Apr 9. PMID: 33845065; PMCID: PMC8238889.

Delgado C, Baweja M, Crews DC, Eneanya ND, Gadegbeku CA, Inker LA, Mendu ML, Miller WG, Moxey-Mims MM, Roberts GV, St Peter WL, Warfield C, Powe NR. A Unifying Approach for GFR Estimation: Recommendations of the NKF-ASN Task Force on Reassessing the Inclusion of Race in Diagnosing Kidney Disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2021 Dec 1;32(12):2994-3015. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2021070988. Epub 2021 Dec 1. PMID: 34556489; PMCID: PMC8638402.

Hardt M, Chin MH. It is Time for Bioethicists to Enter the Arena of Machine Learning Ethics. Am J Bioeth. 2020 Nov;20(11):18-20. doi: 10.1080/15265161.2020.1820115. PMID: 33103973; PMCID: PMC8647714.

Jain A, Brooks JR, Alford CC, Chang CS, Mueller NM, Umscheid CA, Bierman AS. Awareness of Racial and Ethnic Bias and Potential Solutions to Address Bias With Use of Health Care Algorithms. JAMA Health Forum. 2023 Jun 2;4(6):e231197. doi: 10.1001/jamahealthforum.2023.1197. PMID: 37266959; PMCID: PMC10238944.

Khor S, Haupt EC, Hahn EE, Lyons LJL, Shankaran V, Bansal A. Racial and Ethnic Bias in Risk Prediction Models for Colorectal Cancer Recurrence When Race and Ethnicity Are Omitted as Predictors. JAMA Netw Open. 2023 Jun 1;6(6):e2318495. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.18495. PMID: 37318804; PMCID: PMC10273018.

Khor S, Heagerty PJ, Basu A, Haupt EC, Lyons LJL, Hahn EE, Bansal A. Racial Disparities in the Ascertainment of Cancer Recurrence in Electronic Health Records. JCO Clin Cancer Inform. 2023 Jun;7:e2300004. doi: 10.1200/CCI.23.00004. PMID: 37267516.

Lillard JW Jr, Moses KA, Mahal BA, George DJ. Racial disparities in Black men with prostate cancer: A literature review. Cancer. 2022 Nov 1;128(21):3787-3795. doi: 10.1002/cncr.34433. Epub 2022 Sep 6. PMID: 36066378; PMCID: PMC9826514.

Mann S, Baker L, Girosi F, Osoba O, Berdahl CT. Artificial Intelligence in the COVID-19 Response: Strategies to Improve the Impact of AI on Health Equity (Review Report Volume 2). Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute; 2023 February. Prepared by RAND under Contract No. IDIQ-TO#22-RAND-ENG-AOSEPP-04-01-2020.

Marciniuk DD, Becker EA, Kaminsky DA, McCormack MC, Stanojevic S, Bhakta NR, Bime C, Comondore V, Cowl CT, Dell S, Haynes J, Jaffe F, Mottram C, Sederstrom N, Townsend M, Iaccarino JM. Effect of Race and Ethnicity on Pulmonary Function Testing Interpretation: A CHEST/AARC/ATS/CTS Evidence Review and Research Statement. Chest. 2023 Mar 25:S0012-3692(23)00454-3. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2023.03.026. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36972760.

Merz LE, Achebe M. When non-Whiteness becomes a condition. Blood. 2021 Jan 7;137(1):13-15. doi: 10.1182/blood.2020008600. PMID: 33181819.

Merz LE, Osei MA, Story CM, Freedman RY, Smeland-Wagman R, Kaufman RM, Achebe MO. Development of Duffy Null-Specific Absolute Neutrophil Count Reference Ranges. JAMA. 2023 Jun 20;329(23):2088-2089. doi: 10.1001/jama.2023.7467. PMID: 37338884; PMCID: PMC10282887.

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Using Population Descriptors in Genetics and Genomics Research: A New Framework for an Evolving Field. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/26902.

Nyame YA, Gulati R, Heijnsdijk EAM, Tsodikov A, Mariotto AB, Gore JL, Etzioni R. The Impact of Intensifying Prostate Cancer Screening in Black Men: A Model-Based Analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2021 Oct 1;113(10):1336-1342. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djab072. PMID: 33963850; PMCID: PMC8486334.

Powe NR. Black Kidney Function Matters: Use or Misuse of Race? JAMA. 2020 Aug 25;324(8):737-738. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.13378. PMID: 32761164.

Powe NR. Race and kidney function: The facts and fix amidst the fuss, fuzziness, and fiction. Med. 2022 Feb 11;3(2):93-97. doi: 10.1016/j.medj.2022.01.011. PMID: 35590213

Preston MA, Gerke T, Carlsson SV, Signorello L, Sjoberg DD, Markt SC, Kibel AS, Trinh QD, Steinwandel M, Blot W, Vickers AJ, Lilja H, Mucci LA, Wilson KM. Baseline Prostate-specific Antigen Level in Midlife and Aggressive Prostate Cancer in Black Men. Eur Urol. 2019 Mar;75(3):399-407. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2018.08.032. Epub 2018 Sep 17. PMID: 30237027; PMCID: PMC6390280.

Rajkomar A, Hardt M, Howell MD, Corrado G, Chin MH. Ensuring Fairness in Machine Learning to Advance Health Equity. Ann Intern Med. 2018 Dec 18;169(12):866-872. doi: 10.7326/M18-1990. Epub 2018 Dec 4. PMID: 30508424; PMCID: PMC6594166.

Rojas JC, Fahrenbach J, Makhni S, Cook SC, Williams JS, Umscheid CA, Chin MH. Framework for Integrating Equity Into Machine Learning Models: A Case Study. Chest. 2022 Jun;161(6):1621-1627. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2022.02.001. Epub 2022 Feb 7. PMID: 35143823; PMCID: PMC9424327.

Trent M, Dooley DG, Dougé J; SECTION ON ADOLESCENT HEALTH; COUNCIL ON COMMUNITY PEDIATRICS; COMMITTEE ON ADOLESCENCE. The Impact of Racism on Child and Adolescent Health. Pediatrics. 2019 Aug;144(2):e20191765. doi: 10.1542/peds.2019-1765. PMID: 31358665.

Tsodikov A, Gulati R, de Carvalho TM, Heijnsdijk EAM, Hunter-Merrill RA, Mariotto AB, de Koning HJ, Etzioni R. Is prostate cancer different in black men? Answers from 3 natural history models. Cancer. 2017 Jun 15;123(12):2312-2319. doi: 10.1002/cncr.30687. Epub 2017 Apr 24. PMID: 28436011; PMCID: PMC5459620.

Vince RA Jr, Jamieson S, Mahal B, Underwood W 3rd. Examining the Racial Disparities in Prostate Cancer. Urology. 2022 May;163:107-111. doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2021.08.004. Epub 2021 Aug 19. PMID: 34418408.

Wei JT, Barocas D, Carlsson S, et al. Early detection of prostate cancer: AUA/SUO guideline part I: prostate cancer screening. J Urol. 2023;210(1):45-53.Wei JT, Barocas D, Carlsson S, et al. Early detection of prostate cancer: AUA/SUO guideline part II: considerations for a prostate biopsy. J Urol. 2023;210(1):54-63.

Wright JL, Davis WS, Joseph MM, Ellison AM, Heard-Garris NJ, Johnson TL; AAP Board Committee on Equity. Eliminating Race-Based Medicine. Pediatrics. 2022 Jul 1;150(1):e2022057998. doi: 10.1542/peds.2022-057998. PMID: 35491483.

Wright JL, Freed GL, Hendricks-Muñoz KD, Jarvis JN, Maldonado YA, Raphael JL, Schnadower D, Sims B, Bogue CW, Leonard MB, Coyne-Beasley TD; Committee on Diversity, Inclusion and Equity on behalf of the American Pediatric Society. Achieving equity through science and integrity: dismantling race-based medicine. Pediatr Res. 2022 Jun;91(7):1641-1644. doi: 10.1038/s41390-022-02041-8. Epub 2022 Apr 5. PMID: 35383261.

Wright JL, Trent ME. Applying an Equity Lens to Clinical Practice Guidelines: Getting Out of the Gate. Pediatrics. 2022 Sep 1;150(3):e2022058918. doi: 10.1542/peds.2022-058918. PMID: 35927367.

Yamoah K, Lee KM, Awasthi S, Alba PR, Perez C, Anglin-Foote TR, Robison B, Gao A, DuVall SL, Katsoulakis E, Wong YN, Markt SC, Rose BS, Burri R, Wang C, Aboiralor O, Fink AK, Nickols NG, Lynch JA, Garraway IP. Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Prostate Cancer Outcomes in the Veterans Affairs Health Care System. JAMA Netw Open. 2022 Jan 4;5(1):e2144027. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.44027. Erratum in: JAMA Netw Open. 2022 Feb 1;5(2):e222773. PMID: 35040965; PMCID: PMC8767437.

Projects & Activities

Coalition to End Racism in Clinical Algorithms (CERCA). Inaugural Report. Fall 2021 to Summer 2022.

Health Research Alliance (HRA) Clinical Trials Interest Group

National Academy of Medicine. AI & The NAM Leadership Consortium for a Learning Health System. NAM Digital Health Action Collaborative. Programming related to Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning. 2023 May.

National Academy of Medicine. Artificial Intelligence Algorithms in Health, Medical Care & Health Research. Toward a Code of Conduct. 2023 May.

Presentations & Letters

Ibrahim, Tod. Clinical Algorithms and Race, CMSS Virtual Annual Meeting. American Society of Nephrology. 2021 October 15.

Madara, James L. "File Code CMS –1772–P. Medicare Program: Hospital Outpatient Prospective Payment and Ambulatory Surgical Center Payment Systems and Quality Reporting Programs; Organ Acquisition; Rural Emergency Hospitals: Payment Policies, Conditions of Participation, Provider Enrollment, Physician Self-Referral; New Service Category for Hospital Outpatient Department Prior Authorization Process; Overall Hospital Quality Star Rating". September 13, 2022

Madara, James L. "Health Data, Technology, and Interoperability: Certification Program Updates, Algorithm Transparency, and Information Sharing (HTI-1) proposed rule". June 20, 2023

Madara, James L. "Nondiscrimination in Health Programs and Activities (RIN 0945-AA17)". October 3, 2022

Nielsen, Matthew E. Hiding in Plain Sight: Prostate Cancer and Health Equity. 2023.